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The reactivity of an element is significantly influenced by the number of electrons in its group shell. Elements with a nearly complete group shell tend to be more reactive as they seek to either gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable electronic configuration. This is why metals, which often have one or two electrons in their group shell, readily donate them, while nonmetals, with five or six electrons in their group shell, tend to gain electrons to complete their shell.

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Fiberglass, a composite material made from tiny glass fibers embedded in a resin, offers several advantages over traditional materials such as metal or concrete. It is lightweight, resistant to corrosion, and can handle extreme temperatures without compromising its structural integrity. When manufactured into pipes of large diameters, these properties make fiberglass conduits suitable for transporting water, wastewater, chemicals, and even petroleum products.

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Corrosion, a pervasive issue that can lead to structural failure and significant economic losses, is a major concern for infrastructure such as bridges, pipelines, and industrial facilities. Traditional materials like steel and concrete are particularly susceptible to corrosion, which can be accelerated by environmental factors such as moisture, salt, and chemicals. This not only shortens the lifespan of these structures but also poses significant safety risks.

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