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To overcome these obstacles, engineers employ a range of strategiesdrilling through rock. They use specialized drill bits made from materials like tungsten carbide or diamond, which can withstand the harsh conditions. Drilling fluids, often a mixture of water, clay, and chemicals, are used to cool the drill bit, remove cuttings, and stabilize the borehole. Geologists also play a crucial role, studying rock formations and seismic data to guide drilling operations.

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Elements are arranged in the periodic table based on their atomic number, which increases from left to right and top to bottom. Within this arrangement, elements are categorized into groups or families with similar chemical properties. These properties largely depend on the number of electrons in the group shell. For instance, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium belong to the same group, known as oxygen group or chalcogens, because they all have six electrons in their outermost shell.

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